An yi kayan aikin PCD da tip ɗin wuka mai lu'u-lu'u na polycrystalline da matrix na carbide ta hanyar zafin jiki mai yawa da kuma matsin lamba mai yawa. Ba wai kawai zai iya ba da cikakken amfani ga fa'idodin babban tauri, babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki, ƙarancin gogayya, ƙarancin faɗaɗa zafi, ƙaramin kusanci da ƙarfe da wanda ba ƙarfe ba, babban modulus na roba, babu saman tsagewa, isotropic, amma kuma yana la'akari da babban ƙarfin ƙarfe mai tauri.
Kwanciyar zafi, taurin tasiri da juriyar lalacewa sune manyan alamomin aikin PCD. Saboda galibi ana amfani da shi a yanayin zafi mai yawa da kuma yanayin damuwa mai yawa, kwanciyar hankali na zafi shine mafi mahimmanci. Binciken ya nuna cewa kwanciyar hankali na zafi na PCD yana da babban tasiri akan juriyarsa da kuma taurin tasiri. Bayanan sun nuna cewa lokacin da zafin jiki ya fi 750℃, juriyar lalacewa da taurin tasiri na PCD gabaɗaya suna raguwa da 5% -10%.
Yanayin lu'ulu'u na PCD yana ƙayyade halayensa. A cikin ƙananan tsari, ƙwayoyin carbon suna samar da haɗin gwiwa mai kama da juna tare da ƙwayoyin halitta guda huɗu da ke maƙwabtaka, suna samun tsarin tetrahedral, sannan su samar da lu'ulu'u na atomic, wanda ke da ƙarfin daidaitawa da ƙarfi, da kuma babban tauri. Babban ma'aunin aikin PCD sune kamar haka: ① tauri na iya kaiwa 8000 HV, sau 8-12 na carbide; ② ƙarfin lantarki na zafi shine 700W / mK, sau 1.5-9, har ma ya fi PCBN da jan ƙarfe; ③ ma'aunin gogayya gabaɗaya shine 0.1-0.3 kawai, ƙasa da 0.4-1 na carbide, wanda ke rage ƙarfin yankewa sosai; ④ ma'aunin faɗaɗa zafi shine 0.9x10-6-1.18x10-6,1 / 5 na carbide, wanda zai iya rage nakasar zafi da inganta daidaiton sarrafawa; ⑤ da kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba ba su da alaƙa da samar da ƙusoshi.
Cubic boron nitride yana da ƙarfin juriya ga iskar shaka kuma yana iya sarrafa kayan da ke ɗauke da ƙarfe, amma taurin ya yi ƙasa da lu'u-lu'u ɗaya, saurin sarrafawa yana da jinkiri kuma ingancinsa yana da ƙasa. Lu'u-lu'u ɗaya yana da tauri mai yawa, amma taurin bai isa ba. Anisotropy yana sauƙaƙa rabuwa a saman (111) ƙarƙashin tasirin ƙarfin waje, kuma ingancin sarrafawa yana da iyaka. PCD wani polymer ne da aka haɗa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin lu'u-lu'u masu girman micron ta wasu hanyoyi. Yanayin rudani na tarin ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a daidaita ba yana haifar da yanayin isotropic na macroscopic, kuma babu farfajiyar da ke fuskantar alkibla da kuma yankewa a cikin ƙarfin taurin. Idan aka kwatanta da lu'u-lu'u ɗaya, iyakar hatsi na PCD yana rage anisotropy yadda ya kamata kuma yana inganta halayen injiniya.
1. Ka'idojin ƙira na kayan aikin yanke PCD
(1) Zaɓin da ya dace na girman ƙwayoyin PCD
A ka'ida, PCD ya kamata ta yi ƙoƙarin tace hatsi, kuma rarrabawar ƙarin abubuwa tsakanin samfuran ya kamata ya zama iri ɗaya gwargwadon iko don shawo kan anisotropy. Zaɓin girman ƙwayoyin PCD shi ma yana da alaƙa da yanayin sarrafawa. Gabaɗaya, ana iya amfani da PCD mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi mai kyau, juriya mai kyau ga tasiri da ƙwayar mai kyau don kammalawa ko ƙarewa sosai, kuma ana iya amfani da PCD na ƙwayar mai kauri don yin aikin injin gabaɗaya. Girman ƙwayoyin PCD na iya yin tasiri sosai ga aikin sawa na kayan aiki. Littattafan da suka dace sun nuna cewa lokacin da ƙwayar kayan abu ta yi girma, juriyar sawa tana ƙaruwa a hankali tare da raguwar girman ƙwayoyin, amma lokacin da girman ƙwayoyin ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai, wannan doka ba ta aiki.
Gwaje-gwaje masu alaƙa sun zaɓi foda lu'u-lu'u guda huɗu waɗanda matsakaicin girman barbashi na 10um, 5um, 2um da 1um, kuma an kammala da cewa: ① Tare da raguwar girman barbashi na kayan, Co yana yaɗuwa daidai gwargwado; tare da raguwar ②, juriyar lalacewa da juriyar zafi na PCD suna raguwa a hankali.
(2) Zaɓi mai kyau na siffar bakin ruwan wukake da kauri ruwan wukake
Siffar bakin wuka ta ƙunshi siffofi guda huɗu: gefen da aka juya, da'irar da'ira mai kaifi, da'irar da'ira mai kaifi da kusurwa mai kaifi. Tsarin kusurwa mai kaifi yana sa gefen ya yi kaifi, saurin yankewa yana da sauri, yana iya rage ƙarfin yankewa da burar, inganta ingancin saman samfurin, ya fi dacewa da ƙarancin ƙarfe na silicon da sauran ƙarancin tauri, gamawa da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe iri ɗaya. Tsarin zagaye mai kaifi na iya kashe bakin wuka, yana samar da kusurwar R, yana hana karyewar ruwan wuka yadda ya kamata, ya dace da sarrafa ƙarfe mai matsakaici / babban silicon. A wasu lokuta na musamman, kamar zurfin yankewa mai zurfi da ƙaramin ciyar da wuka, tsarin zagaye mai kaifi ya fi so. Tsarin gefen da aka juya zai iya ƙara gefuna da kusurwoyi, ya daidaita ruwan wuka, amma a lokaci guda zai ƙara matsin lamba da juriyar yankewa, ya fi dacewa da babban silicon aluminum yanke kaya.
Domin sauƙaƙe EDM, yawanci zaɓi siririn takardar PDC (0.3-1.0mm), tare da layin carbide, jimlar kauri na kayan aikin shine kusan 28mm. Bai kamata layin carbide ya yi kauri sosai don guje wa rarrabuwar da ke haifar da bambancin damuwa tsakanin saman haɗin gwiwa ba.
2, Tsarin kera kayan aikin PCD
Tsarin kera kayan aikin PCD yana ƙayyade aikin yankewa da tsawon lokacin sabis na kayan aikin kai tsaye, wanda shine mabuɗin aikace-aikacensa da haɓaka shi. Tsarin kera kayan aikin PCD an nuna shi a Hoto na 5.
(1) Kera allunan haɗin PCD (PDC)
① Tsarin kera PDC
PDC gabaɗaya yana ƙunshe da foda na lu'u-lu'u na halitta ko na roba da kuma wakili mai ɗaurewa a babban zafin jiki (1000-2000℃) da kuma matsin lamba mai yawa (5-10 atm). Maganin ɗaurewa yana samar da gadar ɗaurewa tare da TiC, Sic, Fe, Co, Ni, da sauransu a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɗin, kuma lu'u-lu'u yana cikin kwarangwal na gadar ɗaurewa a cikin nau'in haɗin covalent. Ana yin PDC gabaɗaya zuwa faifan diski tare da diamita mai kauri da kauri, da niƙa da gogewa da sauran hanyoyin magani na zahiri da na sinadarai masu dacewa. A zahiri, mafi kyawun nau'in PDC ya kamata ya riƙe kyawawan halayen jiki na lu'u-lu'u ɗaya gwargwadon iko, saboda haka, ƙarin abubuwan da ke cikin jikin sintering ya kamata su kasance kaɗan gwargwadon iko, a lokaci guda, haɗin haɗin DD na barbashi gwargwadon iko,
② Rarrabawa da zaɓin abubuwan ɗaurewa
Maƙallin shine mafi mahimmancin abin da ke shafar kwanciyar hankali na zafi na kayan aikin PCD, wanda ke shafar taurinsa kai tsaye, juriyar sawa da kwanciyar hankali na zafi. Hanyoyin haɗa PCD da aka saba amfani da su sune: ƙarfe, cobalt, nickel da sauran ƙarfe masu canzawa. An yi amfani da foda mai gauraya na Co da W azaman wakilin haɗin gwiwa, kuma cikakken aikin PCD mai haɗa sintering ya fi kyau lokacin da matsin lamba na haɗa ya kasance 5.5 GPa, zafin sintering ya kasance 1450℃ kuma rufin ya kasance na minti 4. SiC, TiC, WC, TiB2, da sauran kayan yumbu. SiC. Kwanciyar zafi na SiC ya fi na Co kyau, amma taurin da karyewar sun yi ƙasa kaɗan. Rage girman kayan da aka yi amfani da su na iya inganta taurin da taurin PCD. Babu manne, tare da graphite ko wasu tushen carbon a cikin zafin jiki mai yawa da matsin lamba mai yawa da aka ƙone a cikin lu'u-lu'u na polymer nanoscale (NPD). Amfani da graphite azaman abin da ya fara shirya NPD shine yanayi mafi wahala, amma NPD na roba yana da mafi girman taurin da mafi kyawun kaddarorin injiniya.
Zaɓa da kuma kula da hatsi ③
Foda mai launin lu'u-lu'u muhimmin abu ne da ke shafar aikin PCD. Yin amfani da ƙananan foda na lu'u-lu'u kafin a yi amfani da su, ƙara ƙaramin adadin abubuwa waɗanda ke hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin lu'u-lu'u marasa kyau da kuma zaɓar ƙarin abubuwan da ke ƙara sintering na iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin lu'u-lu'u marasa kyau.
Babban NPD mai tsarki tare da tsari iri ɗaya zai iya kawar da anisotropy yadda ya kamata tare da ƙara inganta halayen injiniya. An yi amfani da foda mai kauri na nanographite wanda aka shirya ta hanyar niƙa ƙwallon mai ƙarfi don daidaita yawan iskar oxygen a zafin jiki mai zafi kafin a yi sintering, yana canza graphite zuwa lu'u-lu'u a ƙarƙashin 18 GPa da 2100-2300℃, yana samar da lamella da granular NPD, kuma taurin ya ƙaru tare da raguwar kauri na lamella.
④ Maganin sinadarai na ƙarshen lokaci
A daidai wannan zafin jiki (200°℃) da lokaci (awa 20), tasirin cire cobalt na Lewis acid-FeCl3 ya fi na ruwa kyau sosai, kuma mafi kyawun rabo na HCl shine 10-15g / 100ml. Kwanciyar zafi na PCD yana inganta yayin da zurfin cire cobalt ke ƙaruwa. Don haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta mai kauri, maganin acid mai ƙarfi zai iya cire Co gaba ɗaya, amma yana da babban tasiri akan aikin polymer; ƙara TiC da WC don canza tsarin polycrystal na roba da haɗuwa da maganin acid mai ƙarfi don inganta kwanciyar hankali na PCD. A halin yanzu, tsarin shirya kayan PCD yana inganta, ƙarfin samfurin yana da kyau, anisotropy ya inganta sosai, ya gano cewa samar da kayayyaki na kasuwanci yana ci gaba da sauri.
(2) Sarrafa ruwan wukake na PCD
① tsarin yankewa
PCD yana da tauri mai ƙarfi, juriya mai kyau ga lalacewa da kuma tsarin yankewa mai wahala.
② hanyar walda
PDC da jikin wuka ta hanyar manne na inji, haɗawa da kuma ƙarfafawa. Ƙarfafawa shine a danna PDC akan matrix ɗin carbide, gami da ƙarfafawa ta injin, walda watsawa ta injin, ƙarfafawa ta injin, walda ta laser, da sauransu. Ƙarfafawa ta injin yana da ƙarancin farashi da kuma dawowa mai yawa, kuma an yi amfani da shi sosai. Ingancin walda yana da alaƙa da kwararar ruwa, walda da zafin walda. Zafin walda (gabaɗaya ƙasa da 700 ° ℃) yana da babban tasiri, zafin jiki yana da yawa, yana da sauƙin haifar da graphitization na PCD, ko ma "ƙonawa da yawa", wanda ke shafar tasirin walda kai tsaye, kuma ƙarancin zafin jiki zai haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin walda. Zafin walda za a iya sarrafa shi ta hanyar lokacin rufewa da zurfin ja na PCD.
③ tsarin nika ruwa
Tsarin niƙa kayan aikin PCD shine mabuɗin tsarin ƙera. Gabaɗaya, ƙimar mafi girman ruwan wuka da ruwan wuka tana cikin 5um, kuma radius na baka yana cikin 4um; saman yankewa na gaba da na baya yana tabbatar da wasu ƙarewar saman, har ma da rage saman yankewa na gaba Ra zuwa 0.01 μm don biyan buƙatun madubi, yana sa guntu ya gudana tare da saman wuka na gaba kuma yana hana wuka mannewa.
Tsarin niƙa ruwan wuka ya haɗa da niƙa ƙafafun lu'u-lu'u na injin niƙa, niƙa ruwan wuka na lantarki (EDG), injin niƙa ƙarfe mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi akan layi na electrolytic finishing blade niƙa (ELID), injin niƙa ruwan wuka mai haɗaka. Daga cikinsu, niƙa ruwan wuka na injin niƙa lu'u-lu'u shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi amfani.
Gwaje-gwaje masu alaƙa: ① ƙaƙƙarfan dabaran niƙa barbashi zai haifar da rugujewar ruwan wukake mai tsanani, kuma girman ƙaramar dabaran niƙa yana raguwa, kuma ingancin ruwan wukaken ya inganta; girman ƙaramar dabaran niƙa ② yana da alaƙa da ingancin ruwan wukake na kayan aikin PCD mai laushi ko na ultrafine, amma yana da iyakacin tasiri akan kayan aikin PCD mai kauri.
Binciken da ya shafi hakan a gida da waje ya fi mayar da hankali kan tsarin da tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake. A cikin tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake, cirewar thermochemical da cirewar inji sune suka fi rinjaye, kuma cirewar brittle da cirewar gajiya ba su da yawa. Lokacin niƙa, gwargwadon ƙarfi da juriyar zafi na ƙafafun niƙa lu'u-lu'u daban-daban, inganta saurin da yawan juyawa na ƙafafun niƙa gwargwadon iko, guje wa brittle da cirewar gajiya, inganta rabon cirewar thermochemical, da rage roughness na saman. Rashin ƙarfi na busasshen niƙa yana da ƙasa, amma cikin sauƙi saboda yawan zafin aiki, saman kayan aikin ƙonewa,
Tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake yana buƙatar kulawa da: ① zaɓi sigogin niƙa ruwan wukake masu dacewa, zai iya sa ingancin bakin gefen ya fi kyau, kammala saman ruwan wukake na gaba da na baya ya fi girma. Duk da haka, yi la'akari da ƙarfin niƙa mai yawa, babban asara, ƙarancin ingancin niƙa, farashi mai yawa; ② zaɓi ingancin ƙafafun niƙa mai dacewa, gami da nau'in mai ɗaurewa, girman barbashi, maida hankali, mai ɗaurewa, miya ta ƙafafun niƙa, tare da yanayin niƙa ruwan wukake masu dacewa da bushewa da danshi, zai iya inganta kayan aiki a kusurwar gaba da na baya, ƙimar wucewar wuka da sauran sigogi, yayin da yake inganta ingancin saman kayan aikin.
Tayar niƙa lu'u-lu'u daban-daban tana da halaye daban-daban, da kuma tsarin niƙa daban-daban da tasirinta. Tayar niƙa lu'u-lu'u mai ɗaurewa tana da laushi, Barbashi masu niƙa suna da sauƙin faɗuwa da wuri, Ba su da juriya ga zafi, saman yana da sauƙin lalacewa, saman niƙa ruwa yana da saurin lalacewa, Babban ƙazanta; Ana kiyaye ƙafafun niƙa lu'u-lu'u mai ɗaure ƙarfe ta hanyar niƙa niƙa, Kyakkyawan tsari, saman, Ƙananan ƙazanta na niƙa ruwan, Ingantaccen inganci, Duk da haka, ikon ɗaure ƙwayoyin niƙa yana sa kaifi da kansa ya zama mara kyau, Kuma gefen yankewa yana da sauƙin barin tazara mai tasiri, Yana haifar da mummunan lalacewa; Tayar niƙa lu'u-lu'u mai ɗaure yumbu yana da ƙarfi matsakaici, Kyakkyawan aikin motsa kai, Ƙarin ramuka na ciki, Mafi so don cire ƙura da watsar da zafi, Zai iya daidaitawa da nau'ikan sanyaya iri-iri, Ƙananan zafin niƙa, Tayar niƙa ba ta lalacewa, Kyakkyawan riƙe siffar, Daidaiton mafi girman inganci, Duk da haka, jikin niƙa lu'u-lu'u da mai ɗaure yana haifar da samuwar ramuka a saman kayan aiki. Yi amfani da shi bisa ga kayan aiki, ingantaccen niƙa, juriya mai ƙarfi da ingancin saman aikin.
Binciken da aka yi kan ingancin niƙa ya fi mayar da hankali kan inganta yawan aiki da kuma rage farashin sarrafawa. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da ƙimar niƙa Q (cire PCD a kowane lokaci) da rabon lalacewa G (rabo na cire PCD zuwa asarar ƙafafun niƙa) a matsayin ma'aunin kimantawa.
Wani masani ɗan ƙasar Jamus mai suna KENTER PCD yana niƙawa tare da matsin lamba akai-akai, gwaji: ① yana ƙara saurin tayar niƙa, girman barbashi na PDC da yawan sanyaya, an rage yawan niƙa da kuma yawan lalacewa; ② yana ƙara girman barbashi na niƙa, yana ƙara matsin lamba akai-akai, yana ƙara yawan lu'u-lu'u a cikin tayar niƙa, ƙaruwar niƙa da rabon lalacewa; ③ nau'in manne ya bambanta, ƙimar niƙa da rabon lalacewa ya bambanta. KENTER An yi nazarin tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake na kayan aikin PCD da tsari, amma ba a yi nazarin tasirin tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake da tsari ba.
3. Amfani da gazawar kayan aikin yanke PCD
(1) Zaɓin sigogin yanke kayan aiki
A lokacin farko na kayan aikin PCD, bakin gefen kaifi ya fara yin rauni a hankali, kuma ingancin saman injin ya inganta. Passivation na iya cire ƙananan gibin da ƙananan burrs da niƙa ruwan wukake ke kawowa yadda ya kamata, inganta ingancin saman gefen yankewa, kuma a lokaci guda, samar da radius na gefen zagaye don matsewa da gyara saman da aka sarrafa, don haka inganta ingancin saman aikin.
Kayan aikin PCD na niƙa saman aluminum, saurin yankewa gabaɗaya yana cikin 4000m/min, sarrafa rami gabaɗaya yana cikin 800m/min, sarrafa ƙarfe mai roba mai ƙarfi wanda ba ƙarfe ba yakamata ya ɗauki babban saurin juyawa (300-1000m/min). Ana ba da shawarar yawan ciyarwa gabaɗaya tsakanin 0.08-0.15mm/r. Girman ciyarwa ya yi yawa, ƙaruwar ƙarfin yankewa, ƙaruwar yankin geometric na saman aikin; ƙaramin girman ciyarwa, ƙaruwar zafin yankewa, da ƙaruwar lalacewa. Zurfin yankewa yana ƙaruwa, ƙarfin yankewa yana ƙaruwa, zafi yana ƙaruwa, tsawon rai yana raguwa, zurfin yankewa mai yawa na iya haifar da rugujewar ruwan wukake cikin sauƙi; ƙaramin zurfin yankewa zai haifar da taurarewar injin, lalacewa har ma da rugujewar ruwan wukake.
(2) Siffar sakawa
Aikin sarrafa kayan aiki, saboda gogayya, zafin jiki mai yawa da sauran dalilai, lalacewa ba makawa ce. Sacewar kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u ya ƙunshi matakai uku: matakin farko na sawa cikin sauri (wanda kuma aka sani da matakin sauyawa), matakin sawa mai kwanciyar hankali tare da saurin sawa akai-akai, da kuma matakin sawa cikin sauri na gaba. Matakin sawa cikin sauri yana nuna cewa kayan aikin ba ya aiki kuma yana buƙatar sake niƙawa. Nau'ikan sawa na kayan aikin yanke sun haɗa da sawa mai manne (sawa cikin walda mai sanyi), sawa mai yaɗuwa, sawa mai abrasive, sawa mai oxidation, da sauransu.
Sabanin kayan aikin gargajiya, nau'in lalacewa na kayan aikin PCD shine lalacewar manne, lalacewar yaɗuwa da lalacewar layin polycrystalline. Daga cikinsu, lalacewar layin polycrystal shine babban dalilin, wanda ke bayyana azaman rugujewar ruwan wukake mai sauƙi wanda ke faruwa sakamakon tasirin waje ko asarar manne a cikin PDC, yana haifar da gibi, wanda ke da alaƙa da lalacewar injiniya ta zahiri, wanda zai iya haifar da raguwar daidaiton sarrafawa da tarkacen kayan aikin. Girman barbashi na PCD, siffar ruwan wukake, kusurwar ruwan wukake, kayan aikin aiki da sigogin sarrafawa zasu shafi ƙarfin ruwan wukake da ƙarfin yankewa, sannan su haifar da lalacewar layin polycrystal. A aikin injiniya, ya kamata a zaɓi girman barbashi na kayan aiki, sigogin kayan aiki da sigogin sarrafawa bisa ga yanayin sarrafawa.
4. Tsarin haɓaka kayan aikin yanke PCD
A halin yanzu, an faɗaɗa yawan amfani da kayan aikin PCD daga juyawa na gargajiya zuwa haƙa, niƙa, yankewa mai sauri, kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin gida da waje. Ci gaban motocin lantarki cikin sauri ba wai kawai ya kawo tasiri ga masana'antar kera motoci na gargajiya ba, har ma ya kawo ƙalubalen da ba a taɓa gani ba ga masana'antar kera kayan aiki, yana kira ga masana'antar kera kayan aiki da ta hanzarta ingantawa da ƙirƙira.
Amfani da kayan aikin yanke PCD ya zurfafa kuma ya haɓaka bincike da haɓaka kayan aikin yankewa. Tare da zurfafa bincike, ƙayyadaddun bayanai na PDC suna ƙara ƙanƙanta, inganta ingancin gyaran hatsi, daidaiton aiki, ƙimar niƙa da rabon lalacewa ya fi girma da girma, bambancin siffa da tsari. Umarnin bincike na kayan aikin PCD sun haɗa da: ① bincike da haɓaka siririn layin PCD; ② bincike da haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin PCD; ③ bincike don inganta kayan aikin PCD na walda da kuma rage farashi; ④ bincike yana inganta tsarin niƙa ruwan wukake na kayan aikin PCD don inganta inganci; ⑤ bincike yana inganta sigogin kayan aikin PCD kuma yana amfani da kayan aiki bisa ga yanayin gida; ⑥ bincike yana zaɓar sigogin yankewa bisa ga kayan da aka sarrafa.
taƙaitaccen bayani
(1) Aikin yanke kayan aikin PCD, wanda ya rama ƙarancin kayan aikin carbide da yawa; a lokaci guda, farashin ya yi ƙasa da kayan aikin lu'u-lu'u guda ɗaya, a cikin yanke na zamani, kayan aiki ne mai kyau;
(2) Dangane da nau'in kayan da aka sarrafa da kuma aikinsu, zaɓi mai dacewa na girman ƙwayoyin cuta da sigogin kayan aikin PCD, wanda shine tushen kera kayan aiki da amfani da su,
(3) Kayan PCD yana da tauri mai yawa, wanda shine kayan da ya dace don yanke wuka, amma kuma yana kawo wahalar ƙera kayan aiki. Lokacin ƙera, don yin la'akari da wahalar aiwatarwa da buƙatun sarrafawa, don cimma mafi kyawun aikin farashi;
(4) Kayan aikin sarrafa PCD a gundumar wuka, ya kamata mu zaɓi sigogin yankewa masu ma'ana, bisa ga cimma aikin samfurin, gwargwadon iyawa don tsawaita rayuwar kayan aikin don cimma daidaiton rayuwar kayan aiki, ingancin samarwa da ingancin samfura;
(5) Bincike da haɓaka sabbin kayan aikin PCD don shawo kan matsalolin da ke tattare da shi
An samo wannan labarin ne daga "cibiyar sadarwa mai ƙarfi"
Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-25-2025
